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"I sat with Kab bin Ujrah in the mosque and asked him about this Verse: 'He must pay a compensation of either fasting (three days) or giving charity (feeding six poor persons) or offering sacrifice (one sheep).' [2:196] Kab said: it was revealed concerning me. I had trouble with my head, so I was carried to the Messenger of Allah (saw), with lice crawling on my face. He said: 'I did not think that you were suffering as much as I see. Do you have a sheep?' I said: 'No.' Then this Verse was revealed: "He must pay a Fidyah (ransom) of either fasting (three days) or giving Sadaqah (charity - feeding six poor persons) or offering sacrifice (one sheep)." [2:196] He said: 'Fasting is three days, charity is to be given to six poor persons, giving each one half of a Sa' of food, and the sacrifice is a sheep.'"
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Allah's Messenger (PBUH) said: Allah said: Every good deed performed by son of Adam is a credit for him but fasting is exclusively Mine and I give reward for it. Fasting is a shield against sins. Therefore, when any of you is fasting he should neither indulge in obscene language nor raise the voice. If anyone abuses him or quarrels with him, he should say: I am fasting. By Him in Whose Hand is Muhammad (SAW)'s soul! The smell coming out of the mouth of a person fasting is more pleasant to Allah than the smell of musk. And he who fasts has two occasions of joy. One is when he breaks the fast, and the second is when he meets his Lord. (This Hadith is sound and reported by Bukhari and Muslim).
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On the day of Arafat, some people who were with me, differed about the fasting of the Prophet (p.b.u.h) some said that he was fasting while others said that he was not fasting. So I sent a bowl full of milk to him while he was riding his camel, and he drank that milk.
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We used to travel with the Prophet and neither did the fasting persons criticize those who were not fasting, nor did those who were not fasting criticize the fasting ones.
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"O Messenger of Allah (saw), what are the things which are not permissible to withhold?" He said: "Water, salt and fire." She said: "I said: 'O Messenger of Allah (saw), we know what water is, but what about salt and fire?" He said: "O Humaira, whoever gives fire (to another), it is as if he has given in charity all the food that is cooked on that fire. And whoever gives salt, it is as if he has given in charity all that the salt makes good. And whoever gives a Muslim water to drink when water is available, it is as if he freed a slave; and whoever gives a Muslim water to drink when there is no water available, it is as if he brought him back to life."
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A drink (milk mixed with water) was brought to Allah's Apostle (SAW) who drank some of it. A boy was sitting to his right, and some old men to his left. Allah's Apostle (SAW) said to the boy, "Do you allow me to give the rest of the drink to these people?" The boy said, "O Allah's Apostle (SAW)! I will not give preference to anyone over me to drink the rest of it from which you have drunk." Allah's Apostle (SAW) then handed the bowl (of drink) to the boy. (See Hadith No. 547).
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Yahya related to me from Malik from Nafi from Abdullah ibn Umar that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, forbade fasting for two days or more without breaking the fast in between. They said, "But Messenger of Allah, you practise wisal." He replied, "I am not the same as you. I am fed and given to drink."
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Malik related to me from Sumayy, the mawla of Abu Bakr from Abu Salih from Abu Hurayra that the Messenger of Allah, may Allah bless him and grant him peace, said, "Travelling is a portion of the torment. It denies you your sleep, food, and drink. When you have accomplished your purpose, you should hurry back to your family."
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"The Messenger of Allah (saw) broke his fast with Sa'd bin Mu'adh and said: 'Aftara 'indakumus-saimun, wa akala ta'amakumul-abrar, wa sallat 'alaikumul- mala'ikah (May fasting people break their fast with you, may the righteous eat your food, and may the angels send blessing upon you)." Sahih
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The Prophet observed the fast on the 10th of Muharram (Ashura), and ordered (Muslims) to fast on that day, but when the fasting of the month of Ramadan was prescribed, the fasting of the 'Ashura' was abandoned. Abdullah did not use to fast on that day unless it coincided with his routine fasting by chance.
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