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that the Prophet (saw) said: "Is anyone of you incapable, when he prays, or stepping forwards or backwards, or to his right or left?" meaning in order to offer a voluntary prayer.
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from the tribe of Banu Amir bin Sasa-ah that Uthman bin Abul-As Ath-Thaqafi invited him to drink some milk that he poured for him. Mutarrif said: "I am fasting." Uthman said: "I heard the Messenger of Allah (saw) say: 'Fasting is a shield against the Fire just like the shield of anyone of you against fighting.'" Sahih
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that the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: "There are no days in this world during which worship is more beloved to Allah, Glorious is He, than the (first) ten days (of Dhul- Hijjah). Fasting one of these days is equivalent to fasting for one year, and one night of them is equal to Lailatul-Qadr." Daif
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that the Prophet (saw) said: 'The one who strives to support the widow and the poor is like a Mujahid who fights in the cause of Allah, and like one who stands in the night (in voluntary prayer) and fasts by day."
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"We asked 'Ali about the voluntary (prayer) of Allah's Messenger (saw) during the day. He said: 'You will not be able.' We said: 'Inform us of it, we will do what we can of it?' So he said: 'When he prayed the Fajr he would delay praying any more. When the sun appeared over there (west) – like it appears here, meaning in the direction of the east, about the amount for the 'Asr prayer from there, meaning in the direction of the west, meaning before the Maghrib – he would stand and perform two Rakah* then he would delay praying until the sun appeared over there (west), meaning in the direction of the east, about the amount of the Zuhr prayer from there, then he would stand and perform four. And, four before the Zuhr when the sun passed the zenith, and two Rakah after it, and, four before the 'Asr, separating between every two Rakah with Taslim** upon the angels that are close (to Allah), the Prophets, and those who follow them among the Muslims and the believers.'" 'Ali said: "That is sixteen Rak'ah of voluntary prayer which Allah's Messenger (saw) performed during the day. And there are very few who offer them regularly." Sahih
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Quraish used to fast on the day of 'Ashura' in the Pre-lslamic period, and Allah's Apostle too, used to fast on that day. When he came to Medina, he fasted on that day and ordered others to fast, too. Later when the fasting of the month of Ramadan was prescribed, he gave up fasting on the day of 'Ashura' and it became optional for one to fast on it or not.
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"I entered upon Abu Hurairah in his house and asked him about fasting the Day of Arafah at Arafat. Abu Hurairah said: 'The Messenger of Allah (saw) forbade fasting the Day of Arafah at Arafat.'" Sahih
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"The Messenger of Allah (saw) came to us and we brought food for him. Some of those who were with him were fasting, and the Messenger of Allah (saw) said: 'If food is eaten in the presence of one who is fasting, the angels send blessing upon him.'" Sahih
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It was the custom among the companions of Muhammad that if any of them was fasting and the food was presented (for breaking his fast), but he slept before eating, he would not eat that night and the following day till sunset. Qais bin Sirma-al-Ansari was fasting and came to his wife at the time of Iftar (breaking one's fast) and asked her whether she had anything to eat. She replied, "No, but I would go and bring some for you." He used to do hard work during the day, so he was overwhelmed by sleep and slept. When his wife came and saw him, she said, "Disappointment for you." When it was midday on the following day, he fainted and the Prophet was informed about the whole matter and the following verses were revealed: "You are permitted To go to your wives (for sexual relation) At the night of fasting." So, they were overjoyed by it. And then Allah also revealed: "And eat and drink Until the white thread Of dawn appears to you Distinct from the black thread (of the night)." (2.187)
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Allah's Apostle said to me, "O Abdullah! Have I not been informed that you fast during the day and offer prayers all the night." Abdullah replied, "Yes, O Allah's Apostle!" The Prophet said, "Don't do that; fast for few days and then give it up for few days, offer prayers and also sleep at night, as your body has a right on you, and your wife has a right on you, and your guest has a right on you. And it is sufficient for you to fast three days in a month, as the reward of a good deed is multiplied ten times, so it will be like fasting throughout the year." I insisted (on fasting) and so I was given a hard instruction. I said, "O Allah's Apostle! I have power." The Prophet said, "Fast like the fasting of the Prophet David (Daud, AS) and do not fast more than that." I said, "How was the fasting of the Prophet of Allah, David? (Daud)" He said, "Half of the year," (i.e. he used to fast on every alternate day). Afterwards when Abdullah became old, he used to say, "It would have been better for me if I had accepted the permission of the Prophet (which he gave me i.e. to fast only three days a month)."
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